Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine due to an immune system response to gluten consumption. Genetic predisposition and immune reaction are the main causes of the disease. It is diagnosed through blood tests and biopsy, with the only treatment being a gluten-free diet.
Celiac disease, also known as gluten enteropathy, is a genetic autoimmune disorder triggered by the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. This article explains its causes, diagnostic process, and treatment options.
Genetic Predisposition: Individuals with specific genetic markers (HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8) are more susceptible.
Immune Reaction: When gluten is ingested, the immune system reacts excessively, causing inflammation and damage to the small intestine.
This reaction destroys villi, tiny protrusions critical for nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Without functional villi, the body struggles to absorb essential nutrients, leading to malabsorption and various health issues.
Celiac disease manifests with various symptoms, including but not limited to:
Chronic diarrhea or constipation.
Abdominal pain and bloating.
Fatigue, irritability, or depression.
Unintentional weight loss despite adequate calorie intake.
Nutritional deficiencies like calcium, zinc, and selenium.
Blood Tests: Testing specific antibodies (e.g., anti-tissue transglutaminase) helps identify gluten-related autoimmune activity.
Endoscopy and Biopsy: Small intestine biopsy confirms villi damage, a distinctive feature of celiac disease.
Elimination Diets: Improvement in symptoms observed by removing gluten from the diet.
The only effective treatment is:
Lifelong Gluten-Free Diet:
Avoid all products containing wheat, barley, rye, and oats.
Carefully read food labels to identify hidden sources of gluten.
In rare cases where gluten-free diets do not improve symptoms, immunosuppressive treatments may be prescribed.
Celiac disease, although chronic, can be effectively managed with proper diagnosis and adherence to a gluten-free diet. Early diagnosis and strict dietary compliance can prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life.
