What Are the Symptoms of Cervical Cancer? What is the Treatment Process? | Gynecologist Oncologist

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer and the Importance of Regular Screening

Cervical cancer, when detected early, is one of the most preventable types of cancer, yet it remains a significant health issue for women worldwide. Cervical cancer often does not show symptoms in its initial stages but can be detected before becoming life-threatening through routine gynecological examinations. This article discusses the symptoms of cervical cancer, the importance of early diagnosis, and the key steps in the diagnostic process.

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It typically progresses slowly and begins with precancerous changes that can be detected through routine screening tests.
High-Risk Factors: The primary risk factor for cervical cancer development is Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Other contributing factors include smoking, multiple sexual partners, and a weakened immune system.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer: In the early stages, cervical cancer usually does not show any symptoms. However, after a tumor forms, some warning signs may appear, including:

1. Irregular Vaginal Bleeding
2. Bleeding between menstrual periods
3. Post-coital bleeding (bleeding after intercourse)
4. Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding
5. Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Discharge may be watery, thick, or foul-smelling, indicating advanced disease.

• Pelvic Pain: Constant pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis, especially during sexual intercourse, may be a symptom of cervical cancer.
• Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer: Regular screening for early detection is crucial to prevent the progression of cervical cancer. Common methods used in the diagnosis of the disease include:
• Pap Smear Test: A Pap smear collects cells from the cervix to detect abnormalities that may indicate precancerous changes or cancer.
• HPV Test: This test detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains that are most likely to cause cervical cancer.
• Colposcopy: If abnormalities are found during a Pap smear, a colposcopy, a procedure that uses a special microscope to examine the cervix, may be performed to evaluate the severity of the changes.
• Biopsy: A small sample of cervical tissue is taken during a colposcopy to confirm the presence of cancer.

The Importance of Regular Screening

Because cervical cancer may not present symptoms in the early stages, regular screening is essential for early diagnosis. Women are advised to:

• Begin regular Pap smear screenings at the age of 21 and continue every 3-5 years based on individual risk factors.
• Get vaccinated against HPV to protect against the most common cancer-causing types of the virus.

What Are the Treatment Options?

When cervical cancer is detected early, it can often be successfully treated with a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the stage of the disease.
Early-Stage Treatment
An operation like a hysterectomy may be sufficient to remove cancerous tissue in the early stages.
Advanced Stage Treatment
Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are commonly used together in more advanced cases.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer is largely preventable due to advancements in screening and HPV vaccination. Recognizing the symptoms and undergoing regular gynecological check-ups are crucial steps for early diagnosis. Educating and taking proactive measures, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer. If any symptoms arise, prompt medical consultation is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment.